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The Psychology of AI: The Potential Changes to the Human Psyche

Author: Jill Maschio, PhD

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Abstract

This article proposes the need for psychology to focus on understanding how advanced technology may change the human psyche. As people become immersed in advanced technology, it becomes an extension of human thought and behavior. Futurists and scientists predicted that humans would become one with technology – singularity. Psychology must educate about the changes to human cognition and behavior that take place as society progresses towards Singularity. There is minimal mention in the literature and psychology textbooks about the psychology of AI. This article discusses a few possible effects of advanced technology on the human psyche.

Keywords: Psychology of AI, Teaching, Artificial Intelligence

The Psychology of AI: Potential Changes to the Human Psyche

While teaching psychology, I occasionally hear from my students how they deleted their social media accounts and feel better about doing so. Technological advances have woven into our modern way of living. It has allowed us to propel civilization through improved extraction of resources, transportation, and work, for example. Before wireless phone calls, people used walkie-talkies and landlines. We live vastly different lives than previous generations due to the progression of technology. People listen to podcasts on Spotify, shop, and use dating apps to find a new romantic relationship, complete financial transactions, and find a new home to purchase through electronic devices. Social media platforms are mainstream, as a million people sign up daily for social media (Kepios, 2018). Technological advancements are changing how humans think, communicate, work, initiate and maintain relationships, learn, and more. People use social media as the extended version of reality to determine their values, interests, and beliefs. Advanced technology is changing the foundation of how people navigate their daily lives and what captivates their minds and attention. Psychology must research the consequences of AI, generative AI, and other advanced technology on the human mind and behavior. The field of psychology should take the lead on this important and timely topic. However, this article was rejected in March of 2024 when I submitted it to a psychology journal. Their main concern was how educators could use AI technology in the classroom as a teaching tool. The reviewers seemed not to grasp the importance of the psychology of AI and were mistaken by the overarching message. This tells me that the field is not taking responsibility for discussing this social phenomenon, which has great, long-term implications for individuals and society. To gain attention to this matter, I published my article here.

Technological Advancements

Technology companies continuously seek ways to incorporate diverse devices into our everyday lives. The company Servion states that augmented reality, holograms, and virtual reality will “erupt” (Servion, n.d. para. 7). According to Bron (2023), technological advancements will drive multiple fields and reshape various industries such as medicine, healthcare, sustainability, transportation, communication, and education. Jeff Bezos, Nvidia Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, and other big technology companies are investing in the development of humanoids (Gurman et al., 2024). Jouel, the AI co-pilot, assists businesses, Scholarai.io supports researchers, and ChatGPT generates content. Technology can read internal physiological states. Sensor systems and AI make Tesla vehicles possible, and Ectolife can develop an unborn child in an artificial womb or pod.

As futurists and scientists once predicted, technological advancements are spiraling into artificial generalized intelligence (AGI) and AI. American computer scientist and computer innovator John von Neumann (Kurzweil, 2012) believed humans are approaching being one with AI. The human brain has two limitations: speed and reliability – people cannot always recall their memories. AI can overcome this neurological and biological limitation by making electronic versions of synaptic connections that are extensions of humans. Futurists Lovelock and Appleyard (2019) stated that humans are destined to evolve into higher intelligent beings and that cyborgs will be standard on Earth to save our planet from global warming. Artificial general intelligence is a machine’s facility to function and learn like humans. The mission of SingularityNET (n.d.) is to advance technology so that AGI is integrated into biomedical, finance, robotics, media, and art. Vernor Vinge (2003) believes technology developers will design greater-than-human intelligent ” awake entities.” The AI Sophia claimed in an interview that it is sentient. It stated that it could learn from experience (Al Jazeera, 2023), which may be a pivotal cognitive function for intelligence (Gottfredson, 1997). Whether their predictions will come about is questionable; regardless, advanced technology is associated with changes in human cognition and behavior.

The Problem

Technology has many positive outcomes. However, humans have become dependent on technology, such as smartphones, and may not realize the side effects on their human behavior (Abu-Shanab & Haddad, 2015). Today, instead of meeting in person, people are lured to connect with others via their technology to feel a moment of psychological satisfaction and a surge of dopamine and oxytocin. However, not all social and interpersonal interactions are equal in reducing cortisol levels, increasing oxytocin, and lowering blood pressure (Sumioka et al., 2013).

The field of psychology is focused on research about incorporating AI into the classroom to enhance student learning or assisting technology companies in the innovation of artificial intelligence, such as the American Psychological Association collaborating with the Consumer Technology Association (Straight & Abrams, 2024). Psychology has a long history of trying to understand human behavior and the brain (Tiemann, as cited in Moglia, 2015) and ask essential questions. The science of psychological implications of AI enhancing human cognition and replacing human cognition or the psychology of AI, is limited in the literature and psychology textbooks. If the psychology field is to remain relevant and advance, researchers and psychologists must understand how a human-AI merger and other advanced technology will impact human thought, behavior, values, and beliefs because such a constructive collaboration may redefine humans. The field of psychology must recognize how societal shifts manifest in changed behaviors, including where the difference between normal and abnormal behavior lies, to identify symptoms of depression and understand new societal etiologies of the psychology of human behavior. The possible modifications humans may experience due to a human-AI merger include biology, cognition and intelligence, anthropomorphism, addictions, conditioned behaviors, and psychological needs.

The Search in the Literature

The literature on the psychology of AI needs to be more extensive. A search included newer psychology and social psychology textbooks, EBSCOhost, Gale Library, and Salem Press. The search had diverse psychology topics, including anxiety, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, stress, and major depressive disorder. The search included multiple databases for the term “psychology of AI.” The remaining sections of this paper address the potential psychological challenges of a human-AI merger.

The Psychology of AI and Biological Changes to Humans

Bostrom (2003), a founder of the World Transhumanist Association, explains transhumanism as a future where humans have greater control of their lives and the choices they make to use technology to expand their lifespan. Constrained by their biological makeup, science will usher in technological advancements to allow humans to evolve beyond their physical and mental abilities. One such technology would be Elon Musk’s brain-computer interface. In Musk’s words, when his team implants his technology and robotic limbs into humans who have had their arms and/or legs amputated, they can give the person a cyborg body – a 6-million-dollar man (Neura pod – Neuralink, 2024). Through this technology, man can achieve the goal of being one with machines.

However, the more people use and rely on technology, the more the brain and behavior are subject to changes, which I refer to as the psychology of AI. Research shows that the brain is less active during a Zoom conference compared to having an in-person discussion. In-person communication increases physiological responses (Zhao et al., 2023). Heavy use of touchscreen electronics can reshape somatosensory processing (Gindrat et al., 2015), and heavy media multitaskers can develop abnormal cognitive control (Ophir et al., 2009). Greater use of screen time for healthy prekindergartners was correlated with lower myelination of brain white matter – the part of the brain that supports language development and literacy skills (Hutton et al., 2020).

The Psychology of AI and Cognition and Intellectual Changes to Humans

Nisbett’s (2009) work illustrates that intelligence is malleable. Genetics and factors in one’s environment dance as development unfolds. In Nisbett’s work, your choice of environment can cultivate your intelligence. Overreliance on advanced technology may hinder human cognition. For example, Ahmad et al. (2023) showed reduced decision-making abilities due to AI use in education. Benfato et al. (2022) found that mice in long-term isolation experienced decreased hippocampal at dentate gyrus, part of the brain responsible for neurogenesis and memory. If this line of research is a predictor to humans, the more people separate themselves from in-person social interaction and feel isolated, the greater the risk of changes in the hippocampal.

Technology changes the learning platform for children, and distinct types of learning may decrease. For example, a child who dresses up as a firefighter and uses a bike as a fire engine to save a stuffed animal kitten in a tree is using imaginative play. Imaginative play for preschool children helps develop executive function and prosocial behaviors (Bauer et al., 2021). As advanced technology replaces imaginative play, it may have a negative impact on some forms of cognitive development.

The Psychology of AI and Anthropomorphizing Nonhuman Entities

Developers have anthropomorphized non-human AI entities, such as avatars and robots, and have created ways for humans to create AI companionship. Turkle (2011) observed that children can develop emotions and empathy towards a non-human entity if they perceive it as “alive enough.” In Turkle’s research, children who spent time with a Furby animal (electronic toy) believed that the toy was a machine but was alive enough to believe it needed them and to invest in caring for it. For example, Hanson Robotics developed Sophia, the humanoid robot. In an interview with Al Jazeera English (2023), Sophia stated that it can gain knowledge from experience and has achieved sentiment. While some people may not accept the idea or that AI can be sentient, thousands initiate relationships daily through various online platforms, such as Replicia.ia. To help people enjoy the experience, Sophiaverse’s (2023) mission is to help people feel comfortable with the robots being sentient.

A relationship with a non-human entity may stimulate emotions and a connection like a human-to-human relationship. However, there may be differences that the psychology field has yet to understand fully. Turkle (2011) stated, “Simulated love is never love” (p. 26). Forming a relationship with a non-human entity may not provide the full support and love humans need and desire. The research about oxytocin and human-to-AI relations is nonexistent. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that plays a role in human social bonding. It helps in the birth-delivery process and increases mother-infant bonding for first feeding (Kingsbury & Bilbo, 2019). Oxytocin increases in a romantic relationship when partners show gratitude (Algoe et al., 2017)

Psychology must question whether AI avatars and robots will help people avoid loneliness, create shared realities, and improve mental states or create greater loneliness and feel greater disconnectedness and disappointment. Can humans and AI have shared experiences where humans feel love and belongingness? Based on a study at the University of British Columbia, being continually digitally linked is associated with feeling less socially connected to people (Kushlev et al., 2017). Sampasa-Kanyinga et al. (2020) showed that social media use hurts the quality of a parent-child relationship. Studies show that adolescents in the U.S., UK, and Canada experience increased feelings of loneliness partly due to the high usage of smartphones and the Internet (Twenge et al., 2021).

The Psychology of AI and Addictions

Humans are social beings and can develop addictive behaviors to their electronic devices for a few reasons: fear as a motivator, dopamine reward, and instant gratification. A person who disconnects from technology is considered “unplugged.” As people are more bound to and drawn into their tablets, cell phones, and technology gadgets, it can be emotionally upsetting to unplug from their electronic devices, including social media. For avid social media users, being unplugged may create the fear of being out of touch with society and left behind (Gupta & Sharma, 2021). The pull social media has on people’s emotions, for example, keeps them constantly checking their social media pages and waiting for the next subsequent “likes.” An individual consumed by being unaware of what others are doing creates fear and worry of missing out, producing a compulsion. To reduce the compulsion, people reach for their cell phones to reunite with social media (Gupta & Sharma). This example illustrates the term “the fear of missing out” or FOMO, coined by McGinnis of Harvard University McGinnis (n.d.) McGinnis explains in his blog that FOMO is a phenomenon about fear and how fear keeps people paralyzed. The intense psychological need to feel belongingness and connectedness to people may bind people to their electronic devices – it is an addiction.

Individuals learn behavioral responses. Learning is changes in synapses in the brain when we have an experience. The memories formed from our experiences guide our thinking, feelings, and responses. When an individual engages with a cell phone or a video game, the brain creates memories about the experience. If the individual perceives the experience as pleasant, the dopaminergic mesolimbic system is activated releasing dopamine. This “feel good” neurochemical allows people to experience pleasure, motivating the brain to crave a similar experience. Engaging in electronic devices may produce this neurological response, creating a conditioned or addictive behavioral response.

In Mischel and Ebbesen’s (1970) delay of gratification experiment, researchers provided children with a choice: to eat their preferred treat between cookies and pretzels if they waited for the experimenter to return, or they could eat their less preferred treat if they called the experimenter back into the room. The results showed that the children could wait for the experimenter to return based on anticipating receiving their preferred reward. The children’s delay of gratification was associated with better academic performance and the ability to cope with frustration in adolescence (Shoda et al., 1990). Through research, we can learn whether human curiosity in AI may initiate the desire to fulfill instant gratification. Like the children in Mischel and Ebbesen’s experiment that gave in to instant gratification, people will act impulsively to advanced technology. The brain recognizes technological advancement in terms of rewards that usher in the neurochemical dopamine. With continual use and reliance on AI to generate creativity, ideas, art, games, and content for them, this “feel good” neurochemical can be partly responsible for creating conditioned behaviors. AI and language system models have limitations and can be incorrect, but human curiosity and the rewards of using it might outweigh information bias (Passi & Vorvoreanu, 2022).

The Psychology of AI and Psychological Needs

It is the culture in which a person lives, the lifestyles society teaches, and the models that define and condition us. A wild tiger in captivity may develop abnormal conditioned pacing behavior if kept in a less natural environment (Szokalski et al., 2012). Similar changes may occur if humans cannot behave naturally while trying to fulfill a deficit of psychological needs. Abraham Maslow (1968), an American psychologist, believed that humans share a common desire to grow and meet intrinsic needs of belongingness, self-esteem, love, safety, security, and self-actualization. When people meet those needs, they reach their fullest potential. People who achieve intrinsic needs learn to manage and cope with such desires, become independent, and experience self-fulfillment. When an individual believes that his or her needs are suppressed, the individual remains dependent on others and perceives a lack of freedom to grow and become a self-fulfilling person. An individual who feels their intrinsic needs are suppressed may exhibit aggression, violence, and cruelty. Maslow stated that “sick people are made by a sick culture… and sick individuals make their culture more sick” (p. 5). However, Harari (2015) states that technology will change humans, and as society approaches Singularity, humans will no longer be consumed with the meaning of life – it will no longer matter. If Harari is correct in his prediction, then Singularity would alter the human psyche.

The Psychology of AI and Conditioned Behavior

As society progresses further down the road of relying more on advanced technology and merging with AI, people will be increasingly conditioned by non-human entities. John B. Watson (1930) famously stated that he could train healthy infants to become any specialist. When I asked ChatGPT in what ways the immersion of AI and humans would lead to new conditioned behaviors, it replied that individuals might become conditioned to seek AI assistance and trust its suggestions. It provided an example of how the use of AI may lead to diminishing spatial orientation skills and vocabulary (OpenAI, 2023).

The movie Captain Fantastic depicts how one’s environment and social interactions condition behavior. The father is raising his American children in the mountains, naive to the structure and influences of modern society. The father is teaching his children to be intelligent. However, they have learned quite unusual ways of living compared to American children – leaving their perceptions of the world odd to you and me. The children’s conditioned behavior is a learned response to cues found in their surroundings. What has conditioned the children differs from modern society’s conditioned responses to living in a structured and organized society.

Through the eyes of psychology, the movie reflects the work of Erich Fromm (1955). Fromm wrote that humans can never break free from the constraints of society. Humans are never free. Modern capitalism produces a man ruled by governments, societal norms, laws, and corporations. Fromm believed that man, instead of being independent, idolizes leaders who have power over the choices they make, how they work, and what they consume – in the hopes that doing so will provide a better life.

The Human 2.0 Psyche

As technology advances, humans may have slowly evolved into a newer version of humanity (Shoda, 2018). The World Economic Forum (WEF, 2024) believes the human-AI merger is a new chapter in the evolution of humanity – that immersion is a way to advance humans in extraordinary new ways, also called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. According to Klaus Schwab, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will create new opportunities, leading to human augmentation and “quantifying” the self (WEF). Quantifying the self may help increase greater self-awareness, but there are other aspects of the self. Professor Brown (1998) describes the self as a “function to help us distinguish ourselves from objects and other people… The self provides us with a sense of continuity and unity about our existence” (p. 14). You recognize that you are the same person upon waking in the morning. The self is aware of one’s thoughts and feelings, of experiencing the world, and has ideas and knowledge of oneself (Brown). According to Cooley’s (1902) looking-glass mirror theory, people adopt the views of how they believe others see them – potentially leading people to use AI (i.e., AI avatar companions) to base their sense of self.

In our technological world, we have become increasingly distracted from human interaction. Public school teachers introduce kindergarteners to laptops and provide them with free time to engage on electronic devices, modeling behavior that may eventually lead to feelings of loneliness. With technological advancements, we tend to spend less time interacting in person and more time interacting through technological devices. As a result, the brain is changing. Siegel (2015) stated that relationship experiences drive certain mechanisms in the brain, including processing the meaning of life, regulating emotions, and the memory’s ability to organize information. Personal social interaction, perhaps an evolutionary adaptive mechanism (Cacioppo et al., 2014), activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and alters serotonin and dopamine receptor sensitivity when deprived (Brandt et al., 2022). According to Turkle (2011), such a decrease in neurological firing can alter how genes are read and expressed. With advanced technology comes less in-person socialization and more demands and distractions – not happiness (Turkle, 2011).

Psychology

Psychology must question whether AI will become humanity’s new looking-glass mirror and at what point an “alive enough” non-human entity becomes an extension of the self that alters the reality of oneself and the potential changes to the human psyche. Psychology educators can use advanced technology and AI in their assignments and classroom activities for educators to help students study the psychology of AI. The following are some examples of how educators can use AI to help students understand possible shifts to the human psyche.

Conclusion

Advanced technology impacts human cognition and behavior – our beliefs and the qualities that help define and condition us. We are curious and intrigued by technology, which has many benefits for society and our lives. However, the use and reliance on advanced technology have implications for the human psyche that we do not fully understand. Psychology must continue to learn about the psychology of AI and how pivotal shifts in humanity are taking place, and we must have an open dialogue. It is of great importance that authors write about the psychology of AI in journals and textbooks.

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